Radiations, or Evolution in Action We have just celebrated the "Darwin Year" with the double anniversary of his 200th birthday and 150th year of his masterpiece, "On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection". In this work, Darwin established the factual evidence of biological evolution, that species change over time, and that new organisms arise by the splitting of ancestral forms into two or more descendant species. However, above all, Darwin provided the mechanisms by arguing convincingly that it is by natural selection - as well as by sexual selection (as he later added) - that organisms adapt to their environment. The many discoveries since then have essentially con?rmed and strengthened Darwin's central theses, with latest evidence, for example, from molecular genetics, revealing the evolutionary relationships of all life forms through one shared history of descent from a common ancestor. We have also come a long way to progressively understand more on how new species actually originate, i. e. on speciation which remained Darwin's "mystery of m- teries", as noted in one of his earliest transmutation notebooks. Since speciation is the underlying mechanism for radiations, it is the ultimate causation for the biological diversity of life that surrounds us.

Part I - Approaches in Botany.- Rapid Radiations and Neoendemism in the Madagascan Biodiversity Hotspot.- Rapid Radiation in the Barley Genus Hordeum (Poaceae) During the Pleistocene in the Americas.- Studying Adaptive Radiation at the Molecular Level: A Case Study in the Macaronesian Crassulaceae-Sempervivoideae.- Key Innovations versus Key Opportunities: Identifying Causes of Rapid Radiations in Derived Ferns.- Evolution of the Mating System in the Genus Capsella (Brassicaceae).- Pollinator - Driven Speciation in Sexually Deceptive Orchids of the Genus Ophrys.- Population Genetics of Speciation and Demographic Inference under Population Subdivision: Insights from Studies on Wild Tomatoes (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon).- Genetic Diversity, Evolution and Domestication of Wheat and Barley in the Fertile Crescent.- Part II - Host- Plant Interaction .- Mechanisms of Speciation in Southeast Asian Ant-Plants of the Genus Macaranga (Euphorbicaceae) .- Speciation in Obligately Plant-Associated Crematogaster Ants: Host-Distribution rather than Adaption Towards Specific Hosts Drives the Process.- Radiation, Biological Diversity and Host-Parasite Interactions in Wildroses, Rust Fungi and Insects.- Speciation via Differential Host-Plant Use in the Tephritid Fly Tephritis conura.- Part III - Approaches in Zoology.- Solar Powered Seaslugs (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda, Mollusca): Incorporation of Photosynthetic Units - A Key Character Enhancing Radiation?.- Are Cuticular Hydrocarbons Involved in Speciation of Fungus-Growing Termites (Isoptera: Macrotermitinae)?.- Electric Organ Discharge Divergence Promotes Ecological Speciation in Sympatrically Occurring African Weakly Electric Fish (Campylomormyrus).- Ongoing Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversification in Adaptively Radiated Freshwater Crabs from Jamaica.- The Herring Gull Complex (Larus argentatus - fuscus - cachinnans) as a Model Group for Recent Holarctic Vertebrate Radiations.- Genetic Divergence and Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Eastern Mediterranean Water Frogs .- Inferring Multiple Corsican Limax (Pulmonata: Limacidae) Radiations: A Combined Approach Using Morphology and Molecules .- Palaeogeography or Sexual Selection - Which Factors Promoted Cretan Land Snail Radiations?.- Non-Ecological Radiations in Acoustically Communicating Grasshoppers?.- Beyond Sympatric Speciation: Radiation of Sailfin Silverside Fishes in the Malili Lakes (Sulawesi).- The Species Flocks of the Viviparous Freshwater Gastropod Tylomelania (Mollusca: Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) in the Ancient Lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia - The Role of Geography, Trophic Morphology and Colour as Driving Forces in Adaptive Radiation.- Causations of a Riverine Radiation: Assessment and Evaluation of the Morphological and Genetical Differentiation in a Species Flock of Viviparous Gastropods (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) .- The Neglected Side of the Coin: Non-Adaptive Radiations in Spring Snails (Bythinella spp.)