Here, more than 20 experts from leading research institutes around the world present the entire scope of this rapidly developing field. In so doing, they cover a wide range of topics, including the characterization and investigation of structural, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials, a well as phase transitions, electrical and optical properties and microscopic investigations. Another feature is a complete profile of the properties of polar oxides -- from their proof to their latest applications.
Throughout, the authors review, discuss and assess the material properties with regard to new and advanced characterization and imaging techniques.
For physicists, physicochemists, semiconductor and solid state physicists, materials scientists, and students of chemistry and physics.
1 Dielectric Properties of Polar Oxides (
U. Böttger).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Dielectric polarization.
1.3 Ferroelectric polarization.
1.4 Theory of Ferroelectric Phase Transition.
1.5 Ferroelectric Materials.
1.6 Ferroelectric Domains.
Bibliography.
2 Piezoelectric Characterization (S. Trolier-McKinstry).
2.1 Important piezoelectric constants.
2.2 Measurements in bulk materials.
2.3 Measurements in thin films.
2.4 Conclusions.
Bibliography.
3 Electrical Characterization of Ferroelectrics (K. Prume, T. Schmitz, S. Tiedke).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Measurement methods.
3.3 Measurement types.
Bibliography.
4 Optical Characterization of Ferroelectric Materials (C. Buchal).
4.1 Introduction: Light propagation within anisotropic crystals.
4.2 The electro-optic effect.
4.3 Non-linear optics.
Bibliography.
5 Microwave Properties and Measurement Techniques (N. Klein).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Basic relations defining microwave properties of dielectrics and normal/superconducting metals.
5.3 Surface impedance of normal metals.
5.4 Surface impedance of high-temperature superconductor films.
5.5 Microwave properties of dielectric single crystals, ceramics and thin films.
5.6 General remarks about microwave material measurements.
5.7 Non resonant microwave measurement techniques.
5.8 Resonator measurement techniques.
5.9 Conclusions.
Bibliography.
6 Advanced X-ray Analysis of Ferroelectrics (K. Saito, T. Kurosawa, T. Akai, S. Yokoyama, H. Morioka, H. Funakubo).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Experimental.
6.3 Results and discussion.
6.4 Conclusions.
Bibliography.
7 Characterization ofPZT-Ceramics by High-Resolution X-Ray Analysis (M. J. Hoffmann, H. Kungl, J.-Th. Reszat, S. Wagner).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Experimental.
7.3 Results and discussion.
7.4 Summary.
Bibliography.
8 In-Situ Synchrotron X-ray Studies of Processing and Physics of Ferroelectric Thin Films (G. B. Stephenson, S. K. Streiffer, D. D. Fong, M. V. Ramana Murty, O. Auciello, P. H. Fuoss, J. A. Eastman, A. Munkholm, C. Thompson).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Growth of ultrathin ferroelectric films.
8.3 Observation of nanoscale 180 stripedomains.
Bibliography.
9 Characterization of Polar Oxides by Photo-Induced Light Scattering (M. Imlau, M. Goulkov, M. Fally, Th. Woike).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Fundamentals.
9.3 Experimental.
9.4 Summary.
Bibliography.
10 Ferroelectric Domain Breakdown: Application to Nanodomain Technology (G. Rosenman, A. Agronin, D. Dahan, M. Shvebelman, E. Weinbrandt, M. Molotskii,
Y. Rosenwaks).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Nanodomain size limitations.
10.3 AFM nanodomain tailoring technology.
10.4 Ferroelectric domain breakdown.
10.5 Nanodomain superlattices tailored by multiple tip arrays of HVAFM.
10.6 Conclusions.
Bibliography.
11 Pyroelectric Ceramics and Thin Films: Characterization, Properties and Selection (R. W. Whatmore).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 The physics of pyroelectric detectors.
11.3 Measurement of physical parameters.
11.4 Pyroelectricmaterials and their selection.
11.5 Pyroelectric ceramics and thinfilms.
11.6 Conclusions.
Bibliography.
12 Nano-inspection of Dielectric and Polarization Properties at Inner and Outer Interfaces inPZTThin Films (L. M. Eng).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Methods.
12.3 Materials.
12.4 Results.
12.5 Conclusion.
Bibliography.
13 Piezoelectric Relaxation and Nonlinearity investigated by Optical Interferometry and Dynamic Press Technique (D. Damjanovic).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Measurement techniques.
13.3 Investigation of the piezoelectric nonlinearity in PZT thin films using optical interferometry.
13.4 Investigation of the piezoelectric relaxation in ferroelectric ceramics using dynamic press.
Bibliography.
14 Chaotic Behavior near the Ferroelectric Phase Transition (H. Beige, M. Diestelhorst, R. Habel).
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Dielectric nonlinear series-resonance circuit.
14.3 Nonlinear nature of the resonant system.
14.4 Tools of the nonlinear dynamics.
14.5 Experimental representation of phase portraits.
14.6 Comparison of calculated and experimentally observed phase portraits.
14.7 Controlling chaos.
14.8 Summary.
Bibliography.
15 Relaxor Ferroelectrics from Random Field Models to Glassy Relaxation and Domain States (W. Kleemann, G. A. Samara, J. Dec).
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Polar nanoregions.
15.3 Cubic relaxors.
15.4 Role of pressure.
15.5 Dynamics of the dipolar slowing-down process.
15.6 Uniaxial relaxors.
15.7 Domain dynamics in uniaxial relaxors.
Bibliography.
16 Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscope (Y. Cho).
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Nonlinear dielectric imaging with sub- nanometer resolution.
16.3 Higher order nonlinear dielectric microscopy.
16.4 Three-dimensional measurement technique.
16.5 Ultra High-Density Ferroelectric Data Storage Using Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy.
16.6 Conclusions.
Bibliography.
17 Electrical Characterization of Ferroelectric Properties in the Sub-Micrometer Scale (T. Schmitz, S. Tiedke, K. Prume, K. Szot, A. Roelofs).
17.1 Introduction.
17.2 Sample preparation.
17.3 Contact problems.
17.4 Parasitic capacitance.
17.5 In-situ compensation.
Bibliography.
18 Searching the Ferroelectric Limit byPFM (A. Roelofs, T. Schneller, U. Bottger, K. Szot, R. Waser).
18.1 Introduction.
18.2 Polycrystalline ferroelectric PTO thin films on platinized silicon substrates.
18.3 Separated lead titanate nano-grains.
18.4 Conclusion.
Bibliography.
19 Piezoelectric Studies at Submicron and Nano Scale (E. L. Colla, I. Stolichnov).
19.1 Introduction.
19.2 Investigating cycling induced suppression of switchable polarization in FeCaps.
19.3 Size effect on the polarization patterns inµ-sized ferroelectric film capacitors.
19.3.1 Downscaling of ferroelectric capacitors.
19.4 Direct observation of inversely-polarized frozen nanodomains in fatigued Fe- Caps.
Bibliography.
Authors.
Index.
