This provocative and groundbreaking book challenges accepted wisdom about the role of elites in both maintaining and undermining democracy in an increasingly authoritarian world. John Higley traces patterns of elite political behavior and the political orientations of non-elite populations throughout modern history to show what is and is not possible in contemporary politics. He situates these patterns and orientations in a range of regimes, showing how they have played out in revolutions, populist nationalism, Arab Spring failures to democratize, the conflation of ultimate and instrumental values in todays liberal democracies, and American political thinkers misguided assumption that non-elites are the principal determinants of politics. Critiquing the optimistic outlooks prevalent among educated Westerners, Higley considers them out of touch with reality because of spreading employment insecurity, demoralization, and millennial pursuits in their societies. Attacks by domestic and foreign terrorists, effects of climate change, mass migrations from countries outside the West, and disease pandemics exacerbate insecurity and further highlight the flaws in the belief that democracy can thrive and spread worldwide. Higley concludes that these threats to the well-being of Western societies are here to stay. They leave elites with no realistic alternative to a holding operation until at least mid-century that husbands the power and political practices of Western societies. Drawing on decades of research, Higleys analysis is historically and comparatively informed, bold, and in some places darkand will be sure to foster debate.

John Higleyis emeritus professor of government and sociology at the University of Texas at Austin, where he held the Jack S. Blanton Chair in Australia Studies. His books includeElites, Crises, and the Origins of Regimes;Elites after State Socialism;Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy;The Endangered West: Myopic Elites and Fragile Social Orders in a Threatening World; and thePalgrave Handbook of Political Elites.

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Epilogue: The American Preoccupation with Non-Elites

Bibliography

Index